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Biology

Styles

Bibliographic citations and footnotes credit the author and enable the reader to locate source material. As you compile and cite references, be sure to observe a consistent style.  

For citations in biology different journals require different citation styles. At Knox, different Biology instructors require different styles, so always make sure you know what style your professor requires for any given assignment. Some styles are:

  • The Journal of Neuroscience Style Sheet -- Look for the References section in this document from the publisher.
  • The Council of Science Editors Style -- Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th edition, 1994. Call number: ASC Reference T11 S386 1994
  • APA Style -- The guide is on reserve and in Reference in both Seymour Library and in the Amott Science Commons, call number BF76.7 P83 2010. The Purdue Owl site has some good information about citing in APA format.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s ideas, concepts, words, images, music, etc. as if they were your own, without giving proper credit; it is intellectual theft. When you approach writing your paper with the notion that you want to avoid plagiarism, you are not only doing the right thing, but you are also engaged in the intellectual work that is required when you describe, analyze, synthesize, and draw new conclusions about your topic. When you work to avoid plagiarism you work to set your own ideas upon, next to, or in opposition to, those scholars whose work came before yours.

Avoid plagiarism by citing:

  • direct quotations
  • ideas from texts that you have paraphrased or re-written in your own words
  • images you acquired from someone else, downloaded from the Internet, or otherwise are not your own
  • conversations, personal correspondence, interviews
  • data 
  • anything else that is not your own

You do not have to cite commonly accepted facts. One rule of thumb for commonly accepted facts are those that can be found in five reference sources. It is often difficult to know what commonly accepted facts are, so when in doubt, it is best to provide a citation for them.

View a handout (pdf) with more information on avoiding plagiarism.